Assam Bihu Dhol
Musical Instrument
History
The Dhol of Assam dates back to the late medieval era, notably during the Ahom and Koch kingdoms. It gained prominence with Dhuliya Sadhan in Sukapha’s court. Made of wood with animal hide on both ends, the left side is larger for deeper tones. Played with a bamboo stick and hand, it produces loud, resonant rhythms. Suspended with a leather strap, its size and shape vary regionally, making it central to Assamese music and festivities.
Raw Materials and Tools
The Dhol is made using jackfruit or sham wood for the Dima (body), and goat or parchment skin for the Tali (left head) and Kobani (right head). Leather is used for components like the Chawani (outer ring), Barati, and Kanari–Jari. Bamboo forms the Maluwa (band) and Dholar–Mari (stick). A Gamosa is sometimes added for comfort and decoration. Tools include wood carving tools, leather knives, bamboo shapers, drills for holes, and other hand tools for assembly.
Process
The Dhol-making process begins with carving the Dima (also called Khola) from jackfruit or sham wood. The Kobani (right head / Daina) and Tali (left head / Bewa) are covered with parchment and goat skin, secured using Chawani (Pudi) and tightened with Barati leather thongs. The Maluwa (Bandhani) holds the coverings in place, while Tikani (Kanari) straps attach a leather rope for suspension. Finally, the Dholar–Mari bamboo stick is crafted for playing.
Design and Color
The right side of the Bihu Dhol is larger and produces a higher pitch compared to the left side. Both ends of the drum are covered with thin leather, which is secured using a ‘Gajra’ (the outer diameter of the drumhead), much like the construction of a Tabla. Additionally, the leather is woven around the shell and hoop on the opposite side using thin yet sturdy leather straps.
Product Range
The Dhol can be categorized into four types based on its shape and playing style in various regions of Assam:
- Bihu Dhol
- Jay Dhol
- Bar Dhol
- Dhepa Dhol